You have a debtor localized in France or who has assets in France and you want to take legal actions to get paid ?
Follow the guide written by an experienced French lawyer at the Paris bar to find the ways to get what you want (money).
You already have a non-EU decision
If you already have a foreign decision such as a Court Order, you can use the fast track called “exequatur procedure” if you have a non EU decision
The French judge is prohibited from reviewing the foreign decision on the merits.
The timeframe for the proceedings to grant enforcement depends on the procedural path chosen by the claimant (adversarial or non-adversarial), court congestion, and possible delays requested by the parties. In practice, it can take from a few days to a few months.
The defendant may appeal the decision regarding the enforceability of a foreign judgment.
Once the exequatur
You already have a EU decision
That’s when the fun begins! You can now make seizings on both movables and immovables assets owner by the debtor.
For that, you need a lawyer and a “huissier de justice” now called “commissaire de justice” : this team will advise you on the best and most cost efficient measures to perform.
You do not have a decision
You have a claim but no Court has given its judgment yet.
French Court can in some cases have either exclusive juridiction or you have an interest in bringing the case before the French courts (price, duration, experts, etc.).
You need to find a litigator to bring the case before the competent French Court.
You want to take provisional measures
When it comes to securing enforcement, it is worth thinking outside the box, and looking at what can be done overseas: the French procedure code offers to litigants the ability to obtain the Court’s authorization to perform conservatory measures which freeze your debtor’s assets, by way of security, for the ultimate enforcement and performance of judgments made in substantive proceedings.
This device can be implemented in support of litigation pending outside of France (e.g., in the UK or U.S., in the absence of restriction), and none of the parties need to be French, as long as the debtor has assets in France.
It is quite easy to obtain and is powerful.
The creditor who is a party to a commercial or civil action outside France can in principle apply before the French Judge for a freezing order.
Conservatory measures constitute in France a powerful procedural weapon, obtained through a quick, ex parte and cost-efficient procedure that can be performed in a short timeframe, and implemented swiftly.
Straight forward application conditions and a relatively low standard of proof
All the applicant needs to show is:
- That his claim appears to be well-founded in principle. This can be a claim for payment, or even a claim in damages, and can be of contractual or tortious origin; and
- That there are circumstances likely to jeopardize the recovery of such claim.
The French Courts tend to consider that the following constitute circumstances likely to jeopardize the recovery of the claim:- Debtor’s averred attempt to dissipate its assets;
- Failure to pay debts when they fall due;
- Anticipated difficulty in enforcing the substantive decision when this is made.
The application itself is made ex parte.
The procedure is quick and the standard of proof is relatively low: the claimant will not need to give a cross-undertaking in damages, nor have to show precisely that the alleged debtor is busy dissipating his assets to the detriment of his creditor.
Such evidence can also consist in commercial investigators reports, provided that they do not infringe privacy and have been legally obtained.
The creditor needs to identify the debtor’s assets in France: contrary to other legal systems where the freezing order, once granted under a very high level of preconditions, covers the entirety of the debtor’s assets, the applicant in France must have identified specific assets of his debtor upon which the attachment measure can be taken.
That said, in our experience, if the parties have been in a business relationship before the dispute arose, they tend to be pretty familiar with each other’s assets, and that facilitates their identification for that purpose.
The variety of assets on which freezing orders may be effected
Conservatory measures can be performed in France on all sorts of assets, whether tangible or intangible, and this includes trademarks, shares, bank accounts, but also receivables owed, for example, by customers of the debtor.
As a consequence, if the applicant’s debtor is a U.S. entity which has a French subsidiary, the applicant can, if the conditions are met, obtain a freezing order on the shares in the French entity owned by the debtor to secure a claim litigated in the U.S. or in the UK.
Powerful effects
The main effect of conservatory measures is of course to prevent the debtor from disposing of the attached assets. For example, the receivables are blocked in the hands of the customers, who as a result of the freezing order notified upon them are prohibited from releasing such sums in favor of the debtor.
Therefore, if the creditor freezes significant receivables in the hands of his debtor’s customers in France, the effect on the debtor’s market can be very important, harm his reputation and adversely affect his relationship with his customers.
Conservatory measures however show one weakness: they tend to lapse if the debtor becomes insolvent: a conservatory measure becomes void upon the opening of insolvency proceedings against the debtor.
Lifting of the freezing order
The application for a conservatory measure being made ex parte, the debate, if any, starts when the debtor applies for its release.
Given the fact that the Judge already granted the conservatory measure, the real challenge for the debtor is to persuade the Judge that he has been misguided.
Maître Valentin SIMONNET, registered lawyer at the Paris Bar, is at your disposal to assist you and coordinate such litigation and enforcement measures in France.
